The premise of the new game follows another God of Destruction, this one the strongest ever known or seen across the realms, who is practically unstoppable and nigh on unpredictable. However, the game informs us as soon as the threat of this God of Destruction has been set up, that this God of Destruction has already been defeated. By the most unpredictable hero at that, a zombie named Zed. From there, we get into the story of how a simple zombie managed to topple the strongest yet God of Destruction, which comprises the bulk of the game.

The story and storytelling remain charming and quirky, with loads of the type of snappy dialog and sharp writing that has made these games so consistently successful over the years. The game has some fun with its own premise, and Zed makes for a delightful narrator of his own adventures, particularly since he keeps subverting expectations with his recounting of how things went down several times over. If the charm and humor of the series is what you play Disgaea for, you’ll be happy to know Disgaea 6 delivers on that front.

"If the charm and humor of the series is what you play Disgaea for, you’ll be happy to know Disgaea 6 delivers on that front."

It’s elsewhere that the game seems to have suffered, and most of this seems to come down to the troubled development cycle discussed earlier. This is most apparent in the switch the series has made to 3D models over sprites, and how they have impacted things across the board. A very obvious example is Special Attacks now being canned animations that cut away from the field, with the only visual effect for them that you see on the field being the number representing the attack’s effect (whether damage or heal or buff or otherwise). It’s obvious in the amount of classes that are gone – presumably because NIS simply could not have them done in time or with the money on hand. Even obvious attack animations feel far more generic and less exciting than you might remember. The game’s attempt to counter this is to make the numbers on screen bigger – so the new level cap, for example, is 99,999,999, up from 9,999 in older games, and damage scales up to ridiculous numbers as well. But the law of diminishing returns kicks in, and effectively, soon enough, a 99999 damage attack just feels like a 999 damage attack in an older game.

There are cutbacks elsewhere too. A lot of systems from the older games have been removed, which in some cases leads to some great streamlining, but in many others, leads to a lot of the depth that fans in the series may be used to being removed. Things like automatic heals after each battle are not something that I’m going to complain about, particularly since they keep the focus squarely on the actual core gameplay – but on the other hand, seeing all monsters use generic weapons, or seeing equipment aptitude gone, does remove some elements of planning and build minmaxing that fans of the previous games may have enjoyed.

To Disgaea 6’s credit, it does add in a lot to the mix even where it removes a bunch – the most intriguing feature it has is the auto battle, which allows players to thoroughly program how your party members react to the flow of battle to a ridiculously granular degree. You can spend forever playing with these. The amount of depth and wealth of options available to players is ridiculous, and the flexibility with which you can program AI routines for your party puts anything similar that I can think of to shame.

"More than anything else, Disgaea 6 feels like a transitional foundation for future games in the series."

There’s a whole bunch of other changes – outright removals, as I have noted, but also new additions, as well as changes to existing systems. All of this leads to a Disgaea game that is very different playing from the past few ones that we have gotten, while still retaining the distinctly dense nature of those titles (albeit a bit less so). I think if you’re just looking for a systemically packed strategy RPG, Disgaea 6 still fits the bill. It still has a lot going on, and a lot of its changes are even for the better. And QoL elements it adds, such as the auto battling and battle repeat features, which can help literally automate grinding, are absolutely for the better for compulsive min-maxers. Even with the changes it brings to the table, many of which are likely to be divisive, I think there is a lot in Disgaea 6 for fans to like.

What is undoubtedly a dramatic step down, however, is the visual presentation. Disgaea games are not technical showpieces – which is what makes Disgaea 6’s poor Switch performance that much more puzzling. The game simply does not look good on the Switch. Some of this has to do with the blandness of the 3D models over the livelier sprites of the older games, but even otherwise, on a purely technical front, Disgaea 6 suffers. The default mode presents acceptable picture quality, but the framerate can suffer; you get a performance mode, where the framerate is steady, but the game, somehow, ends up looking worse than Disgaea did on Vita, because of how much resolution suffers. There’s a balanced mode, which is a compromise, but it ends up neither looking nor running too well. It’s just a shame overall, because even for a game like Disgaea, where how it looks isn’t really the point, 6 can look distractingly bad a lot of times.

The final takeaway from Disgaea 6 is decidedly complex. It’s not a slam dunk, obviously, and it’s a distinct step down from Disgaea 5 Complete in a lot of ways. But it’s also not the total misfire many fans were afraid it would be. There’s a lot here that works, and works really well, and more than anything else, Disgaea 6 feels like a transitional foundation for future games in the series – if NIS is still around to make them. I’d say it’s most comparable to titles such as Pokemon Ruby/Sapphire, Monster Hunter Tri, or Disgaea’s own 3, which at the time made the jump to HD, all of which had to make some pretty big jumps for their series, and ended up losing a lot of what fans had liked about their predecessors. Those games, including Disgaea 3, ended up being the foundation for several great, beloved by fans, entries in their respective franchises that would follow.

Hopefully, Disgaea 6 can be that for its series. There’s a lot here that’s very good, and NIS seems to be on the right track – they just need to be able to build on it. In the here and now, Disgaea 6 itself is good for what it is. It’s not going to be most people’s favorite entry in the series, to be fairly honest, but it’s still a good, addictive, and deep SRPG that should manage to keep people engaged for a very long time.

This game was reviewed on Nintendo Switch.

On the face of it, this statement might appear to seem odd. After all, we still see big Japanese titles such as Resident Evil Village, Elden Ring, Samurai Warriors 5, and Tales of Arise announced for Xbox platforms. And this has been off the tail of a generation that saw major titles such as Monster Hunter World, Dragon Quest XI, Devil May Cry 5, Resident Evil 2, Ace Attorney Trilogy, Valkyria Chronicles 4, Nier Automata, Kingdom Hearts 3, Final Fantasy XV, and Ace Combat 7 all hit Xbox platforms (with the Xbox debuts of quintessentially Japanese IP such as Monster Hunter and Dragon Quest, which had both studiously avoided Xbox platforms until now, being especially of note). This is the generation where we saw back catalogs of formerly PlayStation associated franchises, such as Kingdom Hearts, Final Fantasy, and Yakuza, all come to Xbox. Given all of that, why would one choose to comment on a possible decline of Xbox with the Japanese development and publishing community now?

The answer is that the broader trend that is beginning to manifest around Xbox and Japanese games is showing us that, more than even the relatively slim pickings for fans of Japanese titles on Xbox consoles, the presence of a lot of Japanese titles on Xbox seems to be coming to an end – other than efforts by Microsoft to incentivize third parties putting their games on Xbox and Game Pass.

This is actually self evident if one just goes about the conversation on a publisher-by-publisher basis. Let’s start by looking at Capcom, who are actually among the more prolific supporters of Xbox platforms (and who get credit for being among the first big Japanese publishers to pivot to the Xbox 360 at the dawn of the HD Era). Not only did Capcom release almost all of its games this last generation on Xbox platforms – so Resident Evil 7, Resident Evil 2, Resident Evil 3, Devil May Cry 5 (which even had Xbox marketing), Mega Man 11, Ace Attorney Trilogy, Marvel vs Capcom Infinite, and Monster Hunter World – they even had some pretty major Xbox exclusives to begin with. Dead Rising 4 was a timed Xbox console exclusive, while Dead Rising 3 still remains exclusive to Xbox consoles and PCs to this day. 

And yet, something has clearly changed. Don’t get me wrong, Xbox is still clearly getting all the big multiplatform Capcom titles – we know, for example, that Resident Evil Village is coming to Xbox One and Xbox Series S and X. However, consider that Capcom is now focused squarely on the Switch rather than Xbox, with Nintendo managing to get multiple Capcom exclusives between Monster Hunter Rise, Monster Hunter Stories 2, the upcoming Resident Evil Outage (which is at least a timed Switch exclusive, based on the recent high-profile Capcom leaks), as well as smaller titles such as Ghosts and Goblins Resurrection.  Based on those same leaks, titles such as The Great Ace Attorney HD are also going to be skipping Xbox, and going to PlayStation, Nintendo, and PC only (with the same leaks suggesting dismal sales of The Ace Attorney Trilogy on Xbox One as being responsible for the decision). So even with multiplatform games, at least smaller ones, it looks like Xbox isn’t guaranteed full Capcom support (though here to be fair, it seems like that can be said of all three consoles – PlayStation, Xbox, Nintendo all seem to miss out on some Capcom game or the other, it feels like).

Then there is Square Enix. Not so long ago, Square Enix used to be known for going all in on one console, and releasing all their games for that one console only (PlayStation most recently, Nintendo long ago). Since then, their strategy has been… scattershot? They still dabble in exclusives, but there doesn’t seem to be a pattern. Typically, Kingdom Hearts seems to stay PlayStation exclusive, Dragon Quest Nintendo exclusive, and other games more spread around, though even there, we have started seeing multiplatform releases across those franchises in the last few years (as mentioned, the last Dragon Quest and Kingdom Hearts releases were both multiplatform).

But this last generation Square started achieving some consistency with Xbox. Final Fantasy 15 came to Xbox One day and date, and the entire Final Fantasy back catalog from 7 to 12 got ported to Xbox too. Kingdom Hearts 3 came to Xbox day and date, and The Story So Far got ported to Xbox too. Nier Automata and the upcoming remake of Replicant are both on Xbox. Dragon Quest marked its Xbox debut with Dragon Quest 11 S. So far, so good, right?

But now things seem to be trending in the opposite direction almost right away. Final Fantasy seems to have returned to being at least a PlayStation console exclusive (at launch, if nothing else). Final Fantasy 16 is announced only for PS5 (though a PC version leaked). Final Fantasy 7 Remake launched only on PS4. Even with Final Fantasy 14, which finally confirmed an Xbox version last year, Square seems to have walked back on the commitment, and it is possible that the popular MMO will never come to Xbox, and remain PlayStation exclusive.

Even outside of Final Fantasy, we find Square being much more willing to make exclusives for PlayStation or Nintendo, but not Xbox. PS5 was debuted with a brand new Square Enix IP headed for it, Project Athia, while Babylon’s Fall is also PlayStation exclusive. Meanwhile, Switch was debuted with a brand new Square Enix IP headed for it, Project Octopath Traveler, that went on to become the hit Switch-exclusive JRPG Octopath Traveler in 2018. Bravely Default 2 is a Switch exclusive. Switch got another new IP from Square Enix announced at the recent Nintendo Direct with (and I really hope they change the name) Project Triangle Strategy.

There appear to be a lot more Nintendo/PlayStation multiplatform games from Square than Xbox/PlayStation ones as well. NEO: The World Ends With You is coming to Switch and PS4, but not Xbox. Trials of Mana and the upcoming Legend of Mana are both Switch and PS4, but not Xbox. Dragon Quest Builders 2 was Switch and PS4, but not Xbox. SaGa Frontier is Switch and PS4, but not Xbox. There is a very clear and definite pattern here that we can see.

Then there is Tecmo – again, one of the pioneers of Xbox support as far as Japanese companies are concerned, before even Capcom jumped on board. Remember, the original Ninja Gaiden reboot was Xbox exclusive. Ninja Gaiden 2 was Xbox 360 exclusive (at least at first). Dead or Alive 3 and 4 were both Xbox and Xbox 360 exclusive. 

Things appear to be significantly different now. Tecmo has, seemingly, no trouble with putting out PlayStation exclusives – the NiOh franchise is the most notable example here – or putting out multiple Nintendo/PlayStation multiplatform games (such as the Atelier series), whereas Xbox does not actually get included in that party anymore. Even franchises that once were PlayStation/Xbox multiplatform and excluded Nintendo, such as Dynasty Warriors, are now no longer excluding Nintendo, which means Xbox is actually the least supporter console by Tecmo at the present moment.

The major publishers aside, you can look at the smaller ones and see the pattern continuing – Atlus, for example, loves putting out PlayStation exclusives (the mainline Persona games, VanillaWare titles such as 13 Sentinels), Nintendo exclusives (the mainline Shin Megami Tensei games, Etrian Odyssey), PlayStation and Nintendo multiplatform games (Catherine Full Body, Persona spin offs, SMT re-releases)… but no actual Xbox games. In fact, in their surveys asking their fans about what systems Atlus should release games on, even Stadia got acknowledged before Xbox did. Stadia!

NIS has studiously ignored Xbox in large part, and stuck to making Nintendo and/or PlayStation games; Falcom develops exclusively for PlayStation, with arrangements with other companies (such as XSEED or NIS) to bring their titles to Nintendo and PC later (but still very rarely Xbox). Marvelous seems to be okay with mostly sticking to Nintendo and PlayStation. The list really goes on, and collectively the trend that manifests is indisputable – more and more, we are seeing Japanese developers and publishers fall off the Xbox bandwagon, with PlayStation, Nintendo, and PC apparently being deemed as an adequate addressable market by all of them.

With all of this said, however, there are two notable, salient exceptions to the trend, two Japanese publishers who are publicly doubling down on Xbox, and reaping benefits as a result. The first of these is Sega – as mentioned already, for example, Yakuza, a franchise with a long PlayStation association, seems to have aligned itself with Xbox of late, and Sega seems to be very happy with how that has turned out (not just for Yakuza either, but for the general success they have found on the platform, in large part due to Game Pass).

The other is Bandai Namco, who continue to put out their games on Xbox, and not just put them out on Xbox, but go with Xbox as the lead platform for marketing and branding with almost every major release – Dark Souls 3, Elden Ring, Scarlet Nexus, Tales of Arise, Jump Force, Dragon Ball FighterZ, the list goes on (and clearly, this is working out for them, since they are sticking with the strategy). Interestingly enough, these are also the two Japanese publishers who have so far avoided dabbling in the Switch more than absolutely necessary, which also seems to indicate they are absolutely happy with the current status quo, and the market they have found on the Xbox.

But Namco and Sega stand out starkly in particular because they are the exceptions that prove the rule. At this point it is becoming more and more clear that Xbox is beginning to lose the traction it has variously managed to gain with the Japanese development and publishing community almost entirely, and that we are looking at a future where the platform may get fewer Japanese developed titles than ever before. I don’t quite know what Microsoft can do to reverse the trend – I think they at least have the right idea in terms of using Game Pass to guarantee a level of revenue and returns to Japanese publishers for putting their games on Xbox, if nothing else – but given how much I feel Japanese titles add to the depth and dimension of a system’s library, I sincerely hope we see Xbox address this problem before it takes such root as to become irreversible.

Note: The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of, and should not be attributed to, GamingBolt as an organization.

NIS have been having a tough time in recent months, having received criticism and backlash from their fanbase over how they’ve mishandled a number of things. But the one thing from them that people are almost always looking forward to regardless of any other circumstances is a new Disgaea game- and don’t worry, Disgaea 6 is definitely coming.

NIS president Sohei Niikawa recently told Dengeki PlayStation (via Ryokutya2089) that Disgaea 6 will “definitely release”- and that’s it. He went on to say that practically everything else to do with the game is undecided as of yet undecided, from the platforms it will come out on, to when it will launch, to even what content will be included in the game.

So yeah, looks like it’s pretty far away- but hey, at least we know it’s coming, right? Until then, we have Disgaea 5 to tide us over, of which a Complete Edition (containing the game and all its DLC) is available now on PS4 and Nintendo Switch- though a PC version of it has been repeatedly delayed, and was delayed to Fall 2018 quite recently once again.

NIS’s The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 has been confirmed for a western release. The PlayStation 4 exclusive will be releasing in North America on March 27, with the European release following on March 30.

In this new game, you follow Hundred Knight and his two companions, the sisters Amalie and Chelka, on an odyssey through the world as you attempt to understand and unlock its mysteries. The game sounds like it will appeal greatly to fans of the original game, which became somewhat of a sleeper cult hit among certain demographics of JRPG fans.

Unlike NIS’s other games, which usually also get PC and Switch versions, as of right now, it seems like The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 will be coming exclusively to the PlayStation 4. So if you do want to play it, you best have Sony’s console- then again, if you do want to play this, you are probably a JRPG enthusiast, and if you are, I can’t imagine you not having a PS4 to begin with.

NIS today held its own Nintendo Direct-esque stream in Japan, where it announced multiple new upcoming games. These include Liar Princess and the Blind Prince, a hand drawn adventure game that tells the love story of a monster disguised as a princess and a blind prince, Project Nightmare, an in development horror game that will use live footage, and a remake of the original Disgaea game- which sounds utterly great for fans of that strategy RPG series who just can’t get enough of it.

None of the games announced got any release dates or platform associated with them, though you can almost bet on them all coming to the PS4 and Nintendo Switch- given that NIS has emphasized, multiple times, that it will be focusing on these two systems going forward.

You can watch trailers for all three of the announced games for yourself below- which one do you think looks the most interesting right now?

Looks like NIS’ Switch gamble has paid off in spades. Disgaea 5 Complete, which launched almost a year ago, and brought the PS4 game over to Nintendo’s hybrid handheld, has gone on to sell over 200,000 copies worldwide, turning into an unqualified success for the company, and prompting it to emphasize Switch development going forward.

Sohei Niikawa, CEO of NIS, himself confirmed this, stating that the bulk of the sales actually came from the global release- in turn suggesting that the Switch may be a great platform for worldwide sales of Japanese games. He also said that going forward, Switch will be prioritized as a lead platform for the company in addition to the PS4. Take this to mean that NIS games will be coming to the Switch as well as PS4 from now on.

Now to see whether NIS America is on board with this program yet- they are hosting an event next month, maybe they’ll have some Switch games to announce?

Self Proclaimed adventurer Adol Christin and close friend Dogi set out aboard the Lombardia with sights set on new adventures, though anyone could tell from the opening five minutes after he hears a legend of a mysterious island that nobody has returned from, that the ship is not long for this world. After the ship is attacked by a mysterious creature, which totally isn’t the kraken guys, Adol finds himself washed ashore on the Isle of Seiren, alone and aside from a rusty sword beside him, fending for himself.

"Adol and the party of characters you meet aren’t driven by saving their homeland from a neighbouring empire or avenging. It’s a far more primal struggle for survival and escape. "

Adol and the party of characters you meet aren’t driven by saving their homeland from a neighbouring empire or avenging. It’s a far more primal struggle for survival and escape. You’re not racing against a corrupt force that wants to do the bad, you’re exploring your makeshift island home in order to find survivors, materials to create better weapons and armour to defend yourself against the vicious wildlife and ultimately to escape the island.

The setting drives key design deviations from other JRPGs as well. Adol and his growing band of survivors come together to make the best of their situation and defend themselves, building up the evolving home base of Castaway Village, more and more of which will become available to you as you progress in your exploration, find new castaways and add their numbers and unique skills to the group.

Perhaps you’ll have a rock to sharpen your blades, but a blacksmith’s daughter can reinvigorate your shabby, scavenged weapons and forge new armour to take on the tougher wildlife, or a Doctor will join the village who has more experience blending better medicine than you could before. Exploring, finding and growing all feed back onto each other in more ways than just an experience bar. Narratively and through gameplay systems, Adol comes to rely on the skills of those they rescue to penetrate deeper into the island just as they rely on him and his exploration party to ultimately get them home.

"Narratively and through gameplay systems, Adol comes to rely on the skills of those they rescue to penetrate deeper into the island just as they rely on him"

In the interim, the colourful cast can all have a decent, focused arc instead of just passing by a nameless quest giver, never to think about him again. The Captain wants to build a watchtower so please keep an eye for some nice wood while out and about. Quests don’t feel too much like busywork with this system, as they all come from characters that you’re compelled to care about.

If anything, the setting alone helps carry the entire game, giving you a compelling gameplay loop to drive you forward. The characters grow with you, but the dialog accompanying that growth can sometimes be a bit grating. Ys 8 dialog suffers a bit from telling instead of showing, making the voiced interactions in particular very stilted at times. It’s distracting, but not debilitating. There is also a subplot involved a little ways into the game that eventually ties in, but it kind of gets lost within the strength of the core premise, and until they build to the payoff feels more like a distraction from Adol’s adventures.

While actually out in the field, the combat of Ys 8 takes centre stage. Feeling a bit like a combination between Tales of and Fire Emblem, it builds off of the rock/paper/scissors core so many JRPG start with by having enemies susceptible to the specific type of damage your core team members can do. Perhaps you’ll need the Laxia’s Rapier to clip the wings of flying foes or the giant blunt anchor of Sahad to crack open an armoured enemy and break their defence.

"Any mud I do have to sling at the combat is based almost completely in how the controls can be mapped a bit strangely"

Ys layers a few extra systems onto the basic combat to allow some room for player skill, such as a well timed dodge slowing down your surroundings in a gameplay system reminiscent of Bayonetta’s Witch Time. Using your skills allows them to grow and deal more damage as you master them as well, rewarding you for taking the time to learn how to use them effectively.

Any mud I do have to sling at the combat is based almost completely in how the controls can be mapped a bit strangely and I seem unable to do things I feel like I would expect to do at a moment’s notice. There is no real shift to combat situation from field once you’re exploring, and that means whether in the heat of battle or just taking in the sights, you can accidentally trigger a special move instead of starting to dash like you wanted, or pop open the menu when you intended to block. You can swap which party member you’re controlling at the tap of a button, but mapping that to Square saw me doing that unintentionally a few times.

For a finer point, the game could have stood to borrow a cue from Tales of when it comes to commanding your team. If it took going into a menu for some finer control I would have been OK with that, but Ys 8 allows only full force attack or run away screaming to be set for the two party members you aren’t controlling, and they both must be on the same setting. I can’t set one member who’s taken a beating to avoid combat without also losing the other team member who’s still completely fighting fit.

"The different environments all feel different from each other, brought to life with a gorgeous colour pallet that recalls the breathtaking landscapes of Xenoblade,"

Of course, the only reason this all works is because the world of Ys 8 and the island is such a gorgeous and diverse place to explore. The different environments all feel different from each other, brought to life with a gorgeous colour pallet that recalls the breathtaking landscapes of Xenoblade, only this time with the hardware to back up that art direction. and of course, the series is renowned for its music, bringing every new area a certain swashbuckling, excited energy that suggests the hope of the castaways.

Some pervasive but ultimately only small problems aside, Ys VIII: Lacrimosa of Dana has a lot going for it. The uniqueness of the setting creates a natural and interesting scenario and problems to overcome, and some janky controls, stilted writing, and a subplot that falls flat can’t change that much at all. If you haven’t adventured with Adol, this is a great place to get lost with him.

This game was reviewed on PlayStation 4.

NIS appears to be one of the companies that is actually supporting the Nintendo Switch with meaningful content- Disgaea 5 Complete has been announced and confirmed for the Nintendo Switch launch. That is because especially in Japan, the prospect for a company like NISA of having an SKU of their software for portable platforms is hard to ignore.

“As you’ve said, we are a software company that has grown together with Playstation, and are well aware that a lot of our fans are on Playstation platforms,” NIS’s CEO said in an interview with Famitsu (translated by NeoGAF). “So it is not as if we will stop developing games for Playstation. Overseas, Playstation 4 sales are incredibly strong and we will continue making games for the Playstation 4 platform.

“However, in Japan we can’t just ignore the move to portable gaming consoles. Our games are well suited for portable gaming, so when you think about it, it is important for PS4 and Nintendo Switch to balance each other out and do well. With that in mind, from here on multiplatform development for PS4 and Nintendo Switch is very much a possibility.”

So it sounds like NIS will look into publishing its games on PS4 and Nintendo Switch going forward- the Switch seemingly replacing the Vita for their purposes. This goes back to something I had called a while back– it will be fascinating to see this phenomenon replicated across the entire Japanese industry in the months to come.

One of the many announcements that Sony made during their pre-TGS conference earlier this week to appeal to the Japanese market- seriously, the console has been selling like shit over in Japan, being routinely outsold not just by the country’s champion, the 3DS, but also the Wii U and the PS Vita- was Disgaea 5, the newest entry in the role playing game series by NIS.

Disgaea is, for reference, a strategy role playing game series that has mostly been exclusive to the PlayStation throughout the entirety of its existence, and that is not something that is changing with the new entry, which will also be PlayStation exclusive. However, unlike every other major PlayStation 4 announcement at Sony’s conference, which also had a version on PlayStation 3 and/or Vita, Disgaea 5 is coming only to PlayStation 4. So that’s a nice symbolic victory if nothing else, mostly because Disgaea is highly niche, even in Japan.

Disgaea 5 has no announced release date, but we’ll keep you posted.

NIS has confirmed to VG247 that Disgaea 4 will be released exclusively on the PS3 in Europe this year. Previously, the next installment in this long-running RPG series was confirmed only for a US release, after it would be released in Japan on February 24th.

“We will definitely release the title in Europe in 2011,” a rep said in an e-mail. No exact release date has yet been announced though, as is the case with the US release of the game. Though it was recently rumoured that the US would be getting the game this summer, so maybe that’s when we can expect the game to be released in Europe.

Stay tuned for more information.